Method for determining a person&#39;s sleeping phase which is favourable for waking up

ABSTRACT

A pulse wave signal is registered and an occurrence of human limb movements detected during sleep using a pulse wave sensor and an accelerometer. The values of RR intervals and respiratory rate are measured at preset time intervals Δt i  based on pulse wave signal. Mean P 1 , minimal P 2 , and maximal P 3  values of RR intervals, the standard deviation of RR intervals P 4 , average respiratory rate P 5  and average number of limb movements P 6  are determined based on the above measured values. Function value F(Δt i ) is determined thereafter as: 
         F (Δ t   i )=− K   1   P   1   −K   2   P   2   −K   3   P   3   +K   4   P   4   +K   5   P   5   +K   6   P   6 ,
 
     where K 1 -K 6  are weight coefficients characterizing the contribution of the corresponding parameter to function value F(Δt i ); whereat the onset and termination of sleep phase favorable to awakening is determined by increments of function F(Δt i ).

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation application of International Application PCT/RU2014/000237, filed on Apr. 2, 2014, which in turn claims priority to Russian Patent Application No. RU 2013116790, filed Apr. 5, 2013, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of measurements of human condition parameters for diagnostic purposes, in particular to measurement of parameters characterizing human sleep.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

As is known, human sleep consists of alternating phases of the so-called non-REM and REM sleep. The above phases follow each other in cycles (typically from 4 to 6 cycles) during healthy human sleep. The experience has shown that the REM phase is the most favorable to awakening. However, a great many people wake up either to the signal of alarm clock set for a specific time, or are affected by other, random factors, which means their awakening not always occurs at an optimal sleep phase. Accordingly, to provide more comfortable living conditions for people, the development of simple, small and easy-to-use technical means designed to determine sleep phase optimal for awakening and providing control over wake-up devices generating a waking sound or other signal is important.

Various methods for determining human sleep phases, including those favorable to awakening, are known.

Medical studies have found that specific sleep phases can be identified with a sufficient confidence by registering various bioelectric signals, such as EEG characterizing the bioelectric activity of the brain, electromyogram reflecting muscle activity, or EOG characterizing changes in biopotential during eye movement. However, these methods are applicable only in healthcare institutions providing the assistance of specially trained personnel and cannot be used in everyday life. Furthermore, numerous internal and external factors affect human sleep, so one and the same person's sleep can proceed in different ways. Therefore, it becomes necessary that the phase favorable to awakening be determined for a given person on the basis of his/her current psychophysiological state and sleeping conditions.

Various methods and devices are known that are designed to awaken a person during a phase of sleep favorable thereto and based on current measurements of physiological parameters of the sleeping person.

Thus, patent RU 2061406 describes a method for waking up a person during a predetermined sleep phase. For this purpose, EEG is recorded during sleep by means of sensors to identify the current REM phase and the wake-up signal generated in a predetermined interval of time is synchronized with said EEG. EEG at REM sleep, according to the authors, is distinguished by desynchronization with the emergence of beta waves in the range of 18 Hz to 32 Hz and by low-amplitude mixed activity with theta waves present.

US Patent Application 20110230790 describes a method and device for waking up a person during a required sleep phase before a predetermined ultimate wake-up time, and for identifying the best time to go bed. REM phase is identified by the motor activity registered with accelerometer attached to human leg or arm.

US Patent Application 20050190065 describes a method for waking up a person in the sleep phase the most favorable thereto. According to the authors, REM phase is characterized by cardiac blood flow increase, poor thermoregulation of body (its temperature may rise or fall depending on the ambient temperature); vasoconstriction and reduction of vascular blood flow which can be measured by peripheral arterial blood pressure monitor; unstable and increased heart rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate.

The closest to the claimed invention is the method for waking up a person at optimal time within a preset period and during a favorable sleep phase, as described in patent DE 4,209,336. REM phase is identified by measuring heart rate, respiratory rate, bodily or head temperature, and detecting eye and body movements. Devices implementing said method can be made in the form of an armband, ear clip, chest belt, etc.

The analysis of known prior art shows that such devices are not capable of identifying the onset and termination of REM sleep with sufficient reliability or said devices create a practical inconvenience to a sleeping person due to a significant number of sensors attached to the person.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The task to be solved by the present invention is to provide a simple and reliable method for identifying a sleep phase favorable to awakening, i.e., REM sleep, and capable of being embodied a device easily attached onto a person and not disturbing person's sleep.

The method in accordance with the present invention enables the identification of human sleep phases favorable to awakening by registering a pulse wave signal and movement of human limbs using, respectively, a pulse wave sensor and at least one motion sensor attached onto a person during sleep, with said pulse wave signal serving as a basis for calculating the values RR intervals and respiratory rate; wherein the onset and termination of a sleep phase favorable to awakening are identified by function increment F(Δt_(i)) whose values are determined over given time intervals Δt_(i), where i is the serial number of the time interval; said function increments being expressed as:

F(Δt _(i))=−K ₁ P ₁ −K ₂ P ₂ −K ₃ P ₃ +K ₄ P ₄ +K ₅ P ₅ K ₆ P ₆,  (1)

where:

P₁ is the mean value of RR intervals over time interval Δt_(i);

P₂ is the minimum value of RR intervals over time interval Δt_(i);

P₃ is the maximum value of RR intervals over time interval Δt_(i);

P₄ is standard deviation of RR intervals over the preceding time interval of 3-20 min;

P₅ is the mean value of respiratory rate over time interval Δt_(i);

P₆ is the average number of detected limb movements over the preceding period of 0.5-10 minutes;

K₁-K₆ are weight coefficients characterizing the contribution of corresponding parameter P₁-P₆ to function value F(Δt_(i)).

The certainty and reliability of identification of sleep phase favorable to awakening is defined by the fact experimentally established by the inventors that selected parameters P₁-P₆ are informative and allow, when combined, to identify the onset and termination of REM phase. On the other hand, all these parameters are determined solely by registering pulse wave signal and movements of human limbs, which requires such sensors that would not disturb human sleep when attached onto human body. Also important is the fact that the selected parameters are members of equation (1) with certain weight coefficients K₁-K₆ which can also be determined experimentally, thus making it possible to obtain function values F(Δt_(i)) which provide a reliable identification of the onset and termination of phase favorable to human awakening.

The limits of the time interval over which the values of parameter P₄ (standard deviation of RR intervals) are measured have been established experimentally, so:

if the time interval is less than 3 minutes, the probability of the so-called Type I error (“false alarm”) grows unacceptably;

if the time interval is more than 20 minutes, the probability of the so-called Type II error (“missing the target”) grows unacceptably.

The time interval during which the value of parameter P₄ is measured should be selected preferably in the range from 4 minutes to 6 minutes.

The limits of the time interval during which the value of parameter P₆ (mean value of respiratory rate) is measured have also been established experimentally, so:

if the time interval is less than 0.5 minutes, the probability of Type I error grows unacceptably;

if the time interval is more than 10 minutes, the probability of Type II error grows unacceptably.

The time interval during which the value of parameter P₆ is determined should be selected preferably in the range from 4 minutes to 6 minutes.

In particular, the following values of weight coefficients for healthy people have been experimentally determined:

for parameter P₁ measured in ms, the value of weight coefficient K₁ may be selected in the range from 0.6 ms⁻¹ to 3 ms⁻¹, preferably from 0.9 ms⁻¹ to 1.05 ms⁻¹;

for parameter P₂, measured in ms, the value of weight coefficient K₂ may be selected in the range from 0.1 ms⁻¹ to 0.7 ms⁻¹, preferably from 0.1 ms⁻¹ to 0.2 ms⁻¹;

for parameter P₃, measured in ms, the value of weight coefficient K₃ may be selected in the range from 0.01 ms⁻¹ to 0.3 ms⁻¹, preferably from 0.02 ms⁻¹ to 0.05 ms⁻¹;

for parameter P₄, measured in ms, the value of weight coefficient K₄ may be selected in the range from 0.5 ms⁻¹ to 3 ms⁻¹, preferably from 1.3 ms⁻¹ to 1.5 ms⁻¹;

for parameter P₅, measured in min⁻¹, the value of weight coefficient K₅ may be selected in the range from 1 min to 10 min, preferably from 1.5 min to 2.3 min;

for parameter P₆ the value of weight coefficient K₆ can be selected in the range from 5 to 50, preferably from 18 to 24.

In particular implementations of the method, pulse wave may be registered using piezoelectric sensor, strain gage, or optical sensor fixed on the wrist or forearm, while the motion detector can be represented by an accelerometer fixed on the arm or leg.

Time intervals Δt_(i) may be selected in the range from 1 minute to 6 minutes.

In particular, the onset of sleep phase favorable to awakening is identified if the increment of function F(Δt_(i)) over time period Δt_(i) exceeds a first preset threshold value.

In particular, the end of sleep phase favorable to awakening is identified if the increment of function F(Δt_(i)) over time period Δt_(i) becomes less than a second preset threshold value.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The invention is illustrated by the following graphic materials:

FIG. 1 shows an example of identifying REM sleep phase for one of the test subjects (8VAV), whereat FIG. 1 a shows a graph of function F(Δt_(i)) for one of the registered REM phases, while FIG. 1 b shows a graph ΔF(Δt_(i)) of function increment F(Δt_(i)), shown in FIG. 1 a;

FIG. 2 shows a graph of function F(Δt_(i)) over the entire sleep duration for the same test subject (8VAV) whose sleep is illustrated in FIG. 1, wherein the graph fragment shown in more detail in FIG. 1 a is circled;

FIG. 3 shows a graph of function F(Δt_(i)) over the entire sleep duration for another test subject (7ESA);

FIG. 4 shows a graph of function F(Δt_(i)) over the entire sleep duration for yet another test subject (3SOR); and

FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 schematically show the design of an exemplary portable device made in the form of a bracelet with sensors that implements the method in accordance with the present invention, whereat FIG. 5 gives the view of the device from its inner side contacting the wrist, and FIG. 6 shows the device from the outside, where the indicator is located.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

A method for determining the sleep phase favorable to awakening can be implemented using two sensors: a pulse wave sensor and a sensor capable of responding to arm or leg movement, i.e., a motion sensor such as an accelerometer. The sensors can be mounted on a human body separately from each other. For example, the motion sensor can be attached to an arm or a leg, while the pulse wave sensor onto the wrist or forearm. Pulse wave sensors may be represented by piezoelectric sensors, strain gages, and optical sensors. The use of an optical sensor or photoplethysmographic sensor sensitive to vascular blood filling of bodily areas is preferable. It is more convenient for the user if both pulse wave sensor and motion sensor are mounted in a single device, such as shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 and made in the form of bracelet 1 to be worn on the wrist.

As shown in FIG. 5, the inner side of bracelet 1 carries pulse wave sensor 2 based, for example, on piezoelectric cell. Several pulse sensors may be used to ensure a reliable skin contact with the wrist area where pulse wave signal is detected. Bracelet 1 (see FIG. 6) may have indicator 3 which displays the initial settings and operation mode of the device. The device may also generate a wake-up signal during favorable sleep phase, for example, by means of a vibrator (not shown in the drawings) mounted in bracelet 1. An accelerometer (not shown in the drawings) may be mounted inside bracelet 1 for detecting arm movements of a sleeping person. Pulse wave sensor 2 and the accelerometer are connected to the measuring unit of bracelet 1, which registers pulse wave signals and accelerometer-generated signals. The registered signals are processed in a CPU which can be co-located with the measuring unit in bracelet 1 or made as a separate unit to be attached to human body or carried by person, whereat said CPU receives signals transmitted from the measuring unit by radio or some other means.

The values of RR intervals and respiratory rate are determined in human sleep based on registered pulse wave signal. Since a pulse wave signal is a periodic signal that varies in synchronism with heartbeat, the time intervals between any characteristic points on pulsogram (e.g., peak value of the signal or its derivative) correspond exactly to RR intervals. Instrumental methods for determining heart rate or RR intervals from a pulse wave signal are well known to those skilled in the art. It is also known that, alongside with the above-mentioned periodic variations corresponding to blood filling dynamics at each cardiac cycle, pulse wave signal includes a low frequency component corresponding to respiratory cycle. Instrumental methods of determining the respiratory rate based on low-pass filtering of respiratory component out of pulse wave signal are well known to those skilled in the art.

Thereafter, using the obtained data, i.e., values of RR intervals and respiration rate, the following parameters are periodically measured at in preset time intervals Δt_(i):

P₁—the mean value of RR intervals;

P₂—the minimum value of RR intervals;

P₃—the maximum value of RR intervals;

P₅—the mean respiratory rate.

The time interval Δt_(i) over which said parameters are measured is selected in the range from 1 minute to 6 minutes. Here, i is the serial number of i-th time interval.

Furthermore, parameter P₄ is determined as the standard deviation of RR intervals over the preceding time interval of 3 minutes to 20 minutes, preferably from 4 minutes to 6 minutes.

The mean number of limb movements P₆ over the preceding time interval from 0.5 minutes to 10 minutes, preferably from 4 minutes to 6 minutes, is another parameter needed for final identification of REM sleep phase. Since the occurrence of motor activity is informative by itself for identification of REM sleep, all limb movements detected by accelerometer over a 10 seconds period are taken for one movement.

Thereafter, function value F(Δt_(i)) is determined by formula:

F(Δt _(i))=−K ₁ P ₁ −K ₂ P ₂ −K ₃ P ₃ +K ₄ P ₄ +K ₅ P ₅ K ₆ P ₆,

where: K₁-K₆ are weight coefficients characterizing the contribution of corresponding parameter P₁-P₆ to the value of F(Δt_(i)).

Table 1 below shows the value ranges of weight coefficients K₁-K₆, as well optimal value thereof.

TABLE 1 Weight Coefficient Values Parameters, Weight coefficients units of Weight coefficient values measurement Designation min max optimal P₁, ms K₁ 0.6 ms¹ 3 ms¹ 1 ms¹ P₂, ms K₂ 0.1 ms¹ 0.7 ms¹ 0.14 ms¹ P₃, ms K₃ 0.01 ms¹ 0.3 ms¹ 0.03 ms¹ P₄, ms K₄ 0.5 ms¹ 3 ms¹ 1.4 ms¹ P₅, min⁻¹ K₅ 1 min 10 min 2 min P₆ K₆ 5 50 22

Informative parameters P₁-P₆ were established, and their weight coefficients K₁-K₆ for healthy people were obtained experimentally based on polysomnographic clinical studies. Statistically valid methods accepted in medical practice and described, for example, in the article “Polysonmography” (http://www.zonasna.ru/serv002.html) were used for checking the accuracy of REM sleep identification. Weight coefficients K₁-K₆ were selected so that the function values F(Δt_(i)) in REM and non-REM phases display a maximum difference from each other.

The increment ΔF(Δt_(i)) of function F(Δt_(i))) over time Δt_(i) is used to identify the onset and termination of REM sleep. If the difference between the current function value F(Δt_(i)) and its previous value F(Δt_(i-1)) exceeds the first preset threshold value, the onset of REM sleep is identified. If said difference is less than the second preset threshold value, the termination of REM sleep is identified.

FIG. 1-FIG. 4 show examples of function F(Δt_(i)) obtained for different test subjects during their sleep. Optimal weight coefficients K₁-K₆ given in Table 1 were selected in the course of studies to calculate function values F(Δt_(i)). FIG. 1 FIG. 4 demonstrate a smoothed form of function F(Δt_(i))).

The measuring resolution of accelerometer and pulse wave sensor signals amounted 0.1 in the testing process. All limb movements detected over 10-second time interval were considered to be a single movement and were averaged over the period of 5 min Function values F(Δt_(i)) were calculated every minute, in other words, value Δt_(i) was taken to be 1 minute for each i-th time interval. The first threshold value L₁ was selected in the range from 20 to 30, while the second threshold value L₂ was selected in the range from −30 to −20.

FIG. 1 a shows a fragment of function F(Δt_(i))) which includes one of REM phases registered during the sleep of one of the test subjects (8VAV). As is seen, function value F(Δt_(i))) rises sharply at 202-th minute of sleep, which indicates the onset of REM sleep, whereas at 210-th minute said function value F(Δt_(i)) falls abruptly, which indicates the termination of REM sleep.

FIG. 1 b shows a graph of increment ΔF(Δt_(i)) of function F(Δt_(i)) from FIG. 1 a. As is seen, the increment value ΔF(Δt_(i)) considerably exceeds the first threshold value L₁ with the onset of REM sleep, and becomes noticeably lower than the second threshold value L₂ with REM sleep termination.

The example illustrated in FIG. 1 is presented in Table 2 in the form of parameter values P₁-P₆, function values F(Δt_(i)) and function increment ΔF(Δt_(i)). The lines with parameter values presented in bold type in Table 2 correspond to REM sleep onset and termination in test subject.

TABLE 2 Sleep Number Duration, P₁, P₂, P₃, P₄, P₅, of P₆ over in min. ms ms ms ms min Movements 5 min. F (Δt_(i)) ΔF (Δt_(i)) 185 92 1201 1422 — 14 0 — — 186 1273 1200 1421 — 15 1 — — 187 1272 1199 1420 — 15 0 — — 188 1272 1198 1418 — 15 0 — — 189 1272 1199 1418 92 15 0 0.2 −1319 190 1274 1198 1419 92 15 0 0.2 −1321 −1.9 191 1273 1201 1419 94 14 0 0 −1324 −3.0 192 1272 1202 1421 92 14 0 0 −1326 −2.0 193 1272 1200 1422 92 14 0 0 −1326 0.3 194 1271 1202 1421 92 14 0 0 −1325 0.8 195 1272 1201 1421 92 14 0 0 −1326 −0.9 196 1272 1202 1422 92 15 0 0 −1324 1.8 197 1272 1202 1420 93 15 0 0 −1323 1.5 198 1271 1198 1422 92 15 0 0 −1323 0.1 199 1272 1199 1421 92 15 0 0 −1324 −1.1 200 1272 1200 1418 92 15 0 0 −1324 0.0 201 1273 1197 1418 92 16 0 0 −1322 1.4 202 1206 1015 1290 89 18 0 0 −1226 96.1 203 1207 1011 1290 88 19 0 0 −1226 0.2 204 1207 1012 1290 89 19 0 0 −1225 1.3 205 1208 1012 1290 89 19 0 0 −1226 −1.0 206 1207 1010 1290 90 18 0 0 −1225 0.7 207 1207 1012 1290 89 19 0 0 −1225 0.3 208 1206 1013 1290 88 19 0 0 −1225 −0.5 209 1207 1012 1290 89 19 0 0 −1225 0.5 210 1367 1290 1500 97 14 1 0.2 −1424 −199.6 211 1369 1300 1505 98 16 0 0.2 −1422 1.9 212 1369 1290 1501 99 15 0 0.2 −1421 0.9 213 1367 1290 1498 100 14 0 0.2 −1420 1.5 214 1367 1285 1498 99 13 0 0.2 −1422 −2.7 215 1367 1290 1500 100 15 0 0 −1422 0.2

FIG. 2 is a graph of function F(Δt_(i)) over the entire sleep duration for the same test subject (8VAV). As follows from function values F(Δt_(i)), there occurred four REM phases during the sleep of the test subject.

FIG. 3 shows a graph of function F(Δt_(i)) for another test subject (7ESA). As follows from the graph, four REM phases favorable to awakening were similarly registered during subject's sleep. The subject woke up by himself during the last REM phase.

The number of REM phases may vary during sleep. For example, FIG. 4 shows that three REM phases occurred during the sleep of another test subject (3SOR).

The graph also shows that different REM phases feature different absolute values of function F(Δt_(i)) throughout sleep duration and that REM sleep onset and termination can be reliably identified only by the increment of said function.

A series of tests showed that the method according to the present invention enabled the identification of 73 out of 76 REM sleep phases in 20 test subjects, which testifies to its high reliability of identification of human sleep phase favorable to awakening. The parameters of function F(Δt_(i)) selected therein were also defined by the necessity to use a minimum number of sensors fixed on the wrist to provide comfortable sleeping conditions. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for determining a human sleep phase favorable to awakening, the method comprising: registering a pulse wave signal and an occurrence of limb movements of the human during sleep using a pulse wave sensor and at least one motion sensor attached to a body of the human; measuring values of RR intervals and a respiratory rate; and determining values of function F(Δt_(i)) over preset time intervals Δt_(i) and determining an onset and termination of the sleep phase favorable to awakening based on an increment of function F(Δt_(i)), where i is a serial number of a time interval, wherein: F(Δt _(i))=−K ₁ P ₁ −K ₂ P ₂ −K ₃ P ₃ +K ₄ P ₄ +K ₅ P ₅ K ₆ P ₆, wherein: P₁ is a mean value of the RR intervals over a time interval Δt_(i); P₂ is a minimal value of the RR intervals over the time interval Δt_(i); P₃ is a maximal value of RR intervals over the time interval Δt_(i); P₄ is a standard deviation of the RR intervals over a preceding time interval of 3 to 20 min; P₅ is a mean value of the respiratory rate over the time interval Δt_(i); P₆ is an average number of human limb movements over a preceding time period ranging from 0.5 minutes to 10 minutes; and K₁-K₆ are weight coefficients characterizing contribution of parameters P₁-P₆ to the values of the function F(Δt_(i)).
 2. The method of claim 1, comprising selecting a time interval over which a value of parameter P₄ is measured in a range from 4 minutes to 6 minutes.
 3. The method of claim 1, comprising selecting a time interval over which parameter value P₆ is measured in a range from 4 minutes to 6 minutes.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the value of weight coefficient K₁ for parameter P₁, measured in ms, is selected in the range from 0.6 ms⁻¹ to 3 ms⁻¹; the value of weight coefficient K₂ for parameter P₂, measured in ms, is selected in the range of 0.1 ms⁻¹ to 0.7 ms⁻¹; the value of weight coefficient K₃ for parameter P₃, measured in ms, is selected in the range of from 0.01 ms⁻¹ to 0.3 ms⁻¹; the value of weight coefficient K₄ for parameter P₄, measured in ms, is selected in the range from 0.5 ms⁻¹ to 3 ms⁻¹; the value of weight coefficient K₅ for parameter P₅, measured in min⁻¹, is selected in the range from 1 min to 10 min; and the value of weight coefficient K₆ for parameter P₆ is selected in the range from 5 to
 50. 5. The method of claim 4, comprising selecting the value of the weight coefficient K₁ in a range from 0.9 ms⁻¹ to 1.05 ms⁻¹.
 6. The method of claim 4, comprising selecting the value of the weight coefficient K₂ in a range from 0.1 ms⁻¹ to 0.2 ms⁻¹.
 7. The method of claim 4, comprising selecting the value of the weight coefficient K₃ in a range from 0.02 ms⁻¹ to 0.05 ms⁻¹.
 8. The method of claim 4, comprising selecting the value of the weight coefficient K₄ in a range from 1.3 ms⁻¹ to 1.5 ms⁻¹.
 9. The method of claim 4, comprising selecting the value of the weight coefficient K₅ is selected in a range from 1.5 min to 2.3 min.
 10. The method of claim 4, comprising selecting the value of the weight coefficient K₆ is selected in a range from 18 to
 24. 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the pulse wave sensor is a piezoelectric sensor, a strain gauge, or an optical sensor attached to a wrist or a forearm.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one motion sensor is an accelerometer attached to an arm or leg.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the time intervals Δt_(i) are selected in a range from 1 minute to 6 minutes.
 14. The method of claim 1, comprising identifying the onset of the sleep phase favorable to awakening if the increment of function F(Δt_(i)) over the time period Δt_(i) exceeds a first preset threshold value.
 15. The method of claim 1, comprising identifying the termination of the sleep phase favorable to awakening if the increment of function F(Δt_(i)) over the time period Δt_(i) becomes smaller than a second preset threshold value. 